QUI EST LE PRESIDENT D'IRAN?

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (en persan : محمود احمدی نژاد) est un homme politique iranien né le 28 octobre 1956 à Aradan, un village proche de Garmsar, bourgade située à 90 km de Téhéran[2],


Maire de Téhéran du 3 mai 2003 au 28 juin 2005, il est aujourd'hui président de la République islamique d'Iran depuis le 3 août 2005, officiellement réélu le 12 juin 2009 pour un second mandat à l'issue d'un scrutin à la régularité fortement contestée par l'opposition.

Il est membre de la Société islamique des ingénieurs, mais possède une base plus puissante dans l'Alliance des bâtisseurs de l'Iran islamique (Abadgaran) et est considéré comme un des personnages les plus importants de l'alliance des conservateurs

Origines familiales


Issu d'une famille modeste, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad est le quatrième enfant d'une fratrie de sept. Son père était forgeron lorsque la famille a déménagé à Téhéran, après avoir exercé les métiers d'épicier et de coiffeur.Le déménagement de la famille à Téhéran coïncide avec le changement de leur nom de famille. Leur nom de famille était à l'origine Saborjhian selon Hussein D. Hassan ou Sabarian selon Vincent Hugueux.Le déménagement de la famille, désormais connue sous le nom d'Ahmadinejad,coïncide avec une période d'exode rural important en Iran. La famille Ahmadinejad s'installe, comme des millions de personnes, dans un des quartiers pauvres de Téhéran. Abbas Milani rapporte que les parents du jeune Ahmadinejad participaient régulièrement aux événements organisés par les organisations religieuses de quartier, et leur fils mettait un zèle tout particulier à l'apprentissage du Coran et à l'accomplissement des devoirs religieux.

Éducation

À cette époque, le « mahdisme » a connu un renouveau dans les milieux populaires sous l'impulsion des « Hojjatieh ». « Cette secte, écrit Michel Taubmann, fondée en 1953, fut condamnée pour hérésie par le clergé chiite. En rupture avec l'interprétation majoritaire, les Hojjatieh considèrent en effet que les croyants, loin d'apprendre passivement, doivent au contraire hâter le retour du Madhi [messie] en précipitant le monde dans l'apocalypse. ». Michel Taubmann ajoute que l'on retrouve des membres des Hojjatieh dans l'entourage d'Ahmadinejad après son accession à la présidence et que lui même reprend leurs thèse].

Ahmadinejad raconte que c'est à sept ans, en 1963, qu'il tombe sous le charme de l'ayatollah Khomeyni.« L'ayatollah Rouhollah Khomeyni, un dignitaire religieux parmi d'autres dans la ville sainte de Qom, est sorti de l'anonymat en s'opposant à la loi électorale votée par le Parlement à l'instigation du Shah et qui accorde le droit de vote aux femmes. » Sur son blog, Ahmadinejad raconte comment il devient un fidèle du père de la révolution iranienne.

Il suit sa scolarité primaire et secondaire à Téhéran, et est admis à l'université de science et de technologie (Elm-o Sanaat) en 1976. Des incertitudes subsistent sur son entrée à l'université, détaillées plus loin. « En arrivant à Elm-o Sanat, il a été révulsé par le spectacle de jeunes femmes habillées à l'occidentale, symbolisant selon l'expression qu'il utilise sur son blog “ la débauche, la promiscuité, la perversité et la liberté des mœurs ”  « L'étudiant Ahmadinejad, poursuit Michel Taubmann, ne se reconnait ni dans les groupes gauchistes ni dans les Modjahedines du Peuple. La lutte des classes, même à la sauce islamiste, n'est pas sa tasse de thé. Lui, milite en faveur d'une conception stricte de la "foi islamique" la seule qui à ses yeux puisse créer un élan révolutionnaire »

Faire pression sur l'Iran pour sauver Sakineh Ashtiani de la lapidation

RASSEMBLEMENTS


Une centaine de personnes ont manifesté hier à Paris pour demander la libération de Sakineh Mohammadi-Ashtiani, une Iranienne condamnée à mort par lapidation pour adultère. La justice iranienne va réexaminer le dossier.



L'espoir soufflait en une faible brise hier sur l'esplanade du Trocadéro, à Paris. Une centaine de personnes se sont rassemblées sur ce Parvis des droits de l'Homme pour dénoncer la condamnation à mort par lapidation de Sakineh Mohammadi-Ashtiani. Cette veuve iranienne est accusée d'adultère après la mort de son mari. De telles manifestations étaient organisées dans une centaine de villes à travers le monde. En France, des militants ont exprimé leur soutien à Lyon, Toulouse, Montpellier ou encore Poitiers.

Les associations Ni putes ni soumises, la Ligue du droit international des femmes, et le Mouvement pour la paix et contre le terrorisme ont appelé à la mobilisation pour empêcher la sentence. Parmi les manifestants, l'écrivain Marek Halter rumine sa colère. Il dénonce cette peine d'un autre âge.

« Il y a une génération qui s'est bougée, nous devons respecter leur courage », martèle Sihem Habchi, présidente de Ni putes ni soumises en référence aux émeutes de Téhéran l'an dernier.

Sur le parvis s'agitent les pancartes clamant « ni lapidées, ni soumises ». Derrière de grandes lunettes noires, ceinte d'une écharpe tricolore, Yamina Benguigui, réalisatrice et élue parisienne, vient apporter son soutien, « au nom du maire de Paris, en tant que femme et en tant que musulmane ». Elle a ainsi rappelé que le mois du ramadan devait être celui de la solidarité.

Décision finale attendue

Une pétition a été signée par de nombreuses personnalités, de Bernard-Henri Lévy à Jacques Chirac. Paris a demandé une démarche de l'Union européenne pour sauver la femme de 43 ans, évoquant la possibilité de sanctions à l'égard de la République islamique. Catherine Ashton, la chef de la diplomatie de l'UE, a estimé vendredi que « le moment est proche d'exprimer collectivement son rejet de pratiques d'un autre temps ». « Une démarche de l'UE - discrète - est en cours à Téhéran », a-t-elle précisé.

Face à cette indignation internationale, l'Iran a répété hier que l'application de la peine doit encore attendre une décision « finale » de la justice. Début juillet, déjà, Téhéran avait annoncé que la sanction était suspendue et que le dossier serait rouvert. « La justice est en train d'examiner cette affaire et ne se soumettra pas aux pressions », a insisté le porte-parole du ministère iranien des Affaires étrangères.

Alors, sur le Parvis des droits de l'Homme, rebaptisé deux jours auparavant Place des droits de l'Homme et de la Femme par le Mouvement de libération de la femme (MLF), qui fêtait ses 40 ans, l'heure est à la satisfaction.

« Chaque jour que Sakineh vit, c'est un territoire conquis contre les lâches », se félicite Sihem Habchi, qui demande à la France « d'offrir à Sakineh la citoyenneté d'honneur ». La présidente de Ni putes ni soumises espère amplifier la mobilisation. « Nous avons la chance, en France, de pouvoir nous exprimer, il faut le faire ! », exhorte-t-elle.

Les militantes et militants se sont ensuite dirigés, escortés par les forces de l'ordre, vers l'ambassade d'Iran pour y déposer une lettre. Afin que la pression soit permanente. •

www.lavoixdunord.fr/France_Monde

Top 10 des plus grande villes du monde

1. Tokyo (37 200 000 en 2009)


C'est la capitale administrative de facto du Japon depuis 1868. Elle est mondialement réputée pour son aspect alliant ultra-modernité et tradition. Elle est caractérisée par ses gratte-ciels, ses magasins de produits électroniques, mais aussi par ses nombreux sanctuaires shinto et temples bouddhistes.

 2. New York (25 900 000 en 2009)

La plus grande et la plus peuplée des villes des États-Unis d'amérique. Elle est aussi appelée The Big Apple (la grosse pomme). Elle se situe sur la côte Est des États-Unis, près de Washington, la capitale.

3. Mexico (23 300 000 en 2009)

La capitale du Mexique. C'est la ville la plus peuplée du Mexique. Elle est située dans le centre du pays, dans la vallée de Mexico, un plateau d’une altitude de 2 250 mètres.

 4. Séoul (22 600 000 en 2009)

Depuis plus de 600 ans, la capitale de la Corée et, depuis la guerre de Corée, la capitale de la République de Corée. C'est aussi la plus grande ville de la péninsule coréenne.

 5. Mumbai (Bombay) (21 300 000 en 2009)

Bombay est la capitale commerciale de l'Inde. Elle génère 5 % du PIB et son activité représente 25 % de la production industrielle, 40 % du commerce maritime et 70 % des transactions de capitaux de l'économie indienne.

6. Sao Paulo (20 200 000 en 2009)

La plus grande ville du Brésil située dans le sud-est du pays, c'est la capitale de l'État de São Paulo et le centre financier et industriel de l'Amérique Latine.

7. Manille (19 200 000 en 2009)

Située sur l'île de Luçon. C'est la capitale des Philippines.

8. Delhi (18 600 000 en 2009)

Delhi est la deuxième plus grande métropole de la République de l'Inde après Mumbai. La métropole se compose de trois villes coïncidentes: le Cantonnement de Delhi, Delhi et la Nouvelle Delhi - ainsi que de 214 villages.

 9. Djakarta ou Jakarta (18 500 000 en 2008)

La capitale de la République d'Indonésie. La population de Jakarta, ville cosmopolite depuis des siècles, vient de toutes les régions d'Indonésie. Il existe toutefois une population qui se considère comme "autochtone" de Jakarta : les Betawi, dont le nom vient de Batavia.

10. Los Angeles (18 500 000 en 2009)

Une ville des États-Unis située sur la côte Ouest, dans l'état de la Californie. La ville est notamment réputé pour le cinéma et la télé puisque c'est là que se trouve Hollywood.Ce top 10 vous présente la liste des 10 plus grandes villes du monde en fonction de leur population

Plu d'information visiter: www.directoid.com

Do you know Mwai Kibaki?

Emilio Mwai Kibaki (born November 15, 1931) is the current and third President of the republic of Kenya.

Kibaki was previously Vice President of Kenya for ten years from 1978–1988 and also held cabinet ministerial positions, including a widely acclaimed stint as Minister for Finance (1969–1981), Minister for Home Affairs (1982–1988) and Minister for Health (1988–1991).^[1]

After resigning as a cabinet minister in 1991, Kibaki served as an opposition Member of Parliament from 1991 up to his election as Kenya's third president in 2002 after two unsuccessful bids for the Kenyan presidency in 1992 and 1997.

He was sworn in on the night of 30 December 2007 for his second term as president after controversially emerging as the 'winner' of a bitterly contested election that was marked by accusations of fraud and widespread irregularities that led to civil unrest.

Early life

Mwai Kibaki was born in Gatuyaini village in Othaya division of Nyeri District. He is the youngest son of Kikuyu peasants Kibaki Gĩthĩnji and Teresia Wanjikũ (both now deceased).

Though baptized as Emilio Stanley by Italian missionaries in his youth, he has been known for all intents and purposes as Mwai Kibaki.^[2]

Family oral history maintains that his early education was made possible by his much older brother-in-law, Paul Muruthi, who insisted that young Mwai should go to school instead of spending his days grazing his father's sheep and cattle and baby-sitting his little nephews and nieces for his older sister.

Kibaki turned out to be an exemplary student. He first attended Gatuyainĩ School (two years) where he completed what was then called Sub "A" and sub "B" (the equivalent of standard one and two or first and second grade). He then joined Karima mission school for the three more classes of primary school. He then moved to Mathari School (now Nyeri High School) between 1944 and 1946 for Standard four to six, where, in addition to his academic studies, he learnt carpentry and masonry as students would repair furniture and provide material for maintaining the school's buildings. He also grew his own food as all students in the school were expected to do, and earned extra money during the school holidays by working as a conductor on buses operated by the defunct Othaya African Bus Union. After Karima Primary and Nyeri Boarding primary schools, he proceeded to Mang'u High School where he studied between 1947 and 1950. He passed with a maximum of six points in his "O" level examination.^[3]

Influenced by the veterans of the two World Wars in his village, he considered becoming a soldier in his final year in Mang'u. However, a ruling by the Chief colonial secretary, Walter Coutts, which barred the recruitment of the Kikuyu, Embu and Meru communities into the army, put paid to his military aspirations.He instead joined Makerere University College, Kampala, Uganda where he studied Economics, History and Political Science.He graduated best in his class in 1955 with a First Class Honours Degree (BA) in Economics.^[3]

After his graduation in 1955, Kibaki took up an appointment as Assistant Sales Manager Shell Company of East Africa, Uganda Division. During the same year, he earned a scholarship entitling him to postgraduate studies in any British University. He consequently enrolled at the prestigious London School of Economics for a B.Sc in public finance, graduating with a distinction. He went back to Makerere in 1958 where he taught as an Assistant Lecturer in the economics department until 1960.

In 1962, Kibaki married Lucy Muthoni, the daughter of a Church Minister, who was then a secondary school Head Teacher; she is now known as First Lady Lucy Kibaki

Political Career Prior To Presidency

1960-2002

In early 1960, Kibaki left academia for politics when he gave up his job at Makerere and returned to Kenya to become executive officer of Kenya African National Union (KANU), at the request of Jaramogi Oginga Odinga (who went on to become Kenya's first Vice President). Kibaki then helped to draft Kenya's independence constitution.

In 1963, Kibaki was elected as Member of Parliament for Donholm Constituency (subsequently called Bahati and now known as Makadara) in Nairobi.^[4] His election was the start of a long political career. In 1963 Kibaki was appointed the Permanent Secretary for the Treasury.^[5] Appointed Assistant Minister of Finance and chairman of the Economic Planning Commission in 1963, he was promoted to Minister of Commerce and Industry in 1966.^[6] In 1969, he became Minister of Finance and Economic Planning where he served until 1982.^[7]

In 1974, Kibaki, facing serious competition for his Doonholm Constituency seat from a Mrs. Jael Mbogo, whom he had only narrowly and controversially beaten for the seat in the 1969 elections,^[8] moved his political base from Nairobi to his rural home, Othaya, where he was subsequently elected as Member of Parliament. The same year Time magazine rated him among the top 100 people in the world who had the potential to lead. He has been re-elected Member of Parliament for Othaya in the subsequent elections of 1979, 1983, 1988, 1992,1997,2002 and 2007.^[9]

When Daniel arap Moi succeeded Jomo Kenyatta as President of Kenya in 1978, Kibaki was elevated to Vice Presidency, and kept the Finance portfolio until Moi changed his ministerial portfolio from Finance to Home Affairs in 1982. When Kibaki was the minister of Finance Kenya enjoyed a period of relative prosperity, fueled by a commodities boom, especially coffee, with remarkable fiscal discipline and sound monetary policies.^[10]

Kibaki fell out of favour with President Moi in 1988, and was dropped as Vice President and moved to the Ministry of Health.^[9][10] He seemingly took the demotion in his stride without much ado.

Kibaki's political style during these years was described as gentlemanly and non confrontational. This mild style also exposed him to criticism that he was a spineless, or even cowardly, politician who never took a stand- "He never saw a fence he didn't sit on",so went the joke.^[11] He also ,as the political circumstances of the time dictated, projected himself as a loyal stalwart of the then ruling single party, KANU.In the months before multiparty politics were introduced in 1992, he infamously declared that agitating for multi party democracy and trying to dislodge KANU from power was like "trying to cut down a fig tree with a razor blade".^[11]

It was therefore with great surprise that the country received the news of Kibaki's resignation from government and leaving KANU on Christmas Day in December 1991, only days after the repeal of Section 2A of the Constitution, which restored the multi-party system of government. Soon after his resignation,Kibaki founded the Democratic Party (DP).^[12] and entered the presidential race in the up coming multi party elections of 1992. He was criticised as a "johnny come lately" opportunist who, unlike his two main opposition presidential election opponents in that year, Kenneth Matiba and Jaramogi Oginga Odinga, was taking advantage of multipartysm despite not having fought for it .

Kibaki came third in the subsequent presidential elections of 1992, when the divided opposition lost to president Moi and KANU despite having received more than two thirds of the vote. He then came second to Moi in the 1997 elections, when again, Moi beat a divided opposition to retain the presidency.^[13] In January 1998, Kibaki became the leader of the official opposition with the Democratic Party being the official opposition party in Parliament.

2002 Elections

In preparation for the 2002 elections, Kibaki's Democratic Party affiliated with several other opposition parties to form National Alliance Party of Kenya (NAK). A group of disappointed KANU presidential aspirants then quit KANU in protest after being overlooked by outgoing President Moi when Moi had founding Father Jomo Kenyatta's son, Uhuru Kenyatta, nominated to be the KANU presidential candidate, and hurriedly formed the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). NAK later combined with the LDP,to form the National Rainbow Coalition (NARC). On October 14, 2002, at a large opposition rally in Uhuru Park, Nairobi, Kibaki was nominated the NARC opposition alliance presidential candidate after Raila Odinga made the famous declaration, Kibaki Tosha!^[14]

On 3 December 2002, Kibaki was injured in a road accident while on his way back to Nairobi from a campaign meeting. He was subsequently hospitalized in Nairobi , then London, after sustaining fracture injuries in the accident.^[15] He still walks rather awkwardly as a result of those injuries.The rest of his presidential campaign was thus conducted by his NARC colleagues in his absence, led by Raila Odinga who campaigned tirelessly for Kibaki after stating that"The captain has been injured in the field... but the rest of the team shall continue."^[15]

On 27 December 2002, Kibaki and NARC won a landslide victory over KANU, with Kibaki getting 62% of the votes in the presidential elections, against only 31% for the KANU candidate Uhuru Kenyatta.^[16]

[edit] Presidency

[edit] 2002 Swearing In, End of KANU Rule and Moi Retirement

On 29 December 2002, still nursing injuries from the motor vehicle accident and in a wheel chair, Mwai Kibaki was sworn-in as the third President and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kenya in a boisterous, chaotic and jubilant ceremony held at the open grounds of Uhuru Park, Nairobi.. "I am inheriting a country which has been badly ravaged by years of misrule and ineptitude," he stated at his swearing-in, as quoted by Andrew England of the Associated Press. With Moi looking on, Kibaki reiterated his pledge to end government corruption. "The era of anything goes is now gone forever," he was quoted by Marc Lacey of the New York Times as having said. "Government will no longer be run on the whims of individuals".^[17]

Thus ended four decades of KANU rule, KANU having hitherto ruled Kenya since independence. President Daniel Arap Moi, who had been Kenya's second president for 24 years since 1978, also began his retirement.

[edit] 2003-2005: Reviving The Economy and Ill Health

President Kibaki's first term was about reviving and turning round the Kenyan economy after years of economic mis-management during the Moi years^[18]- a feat that was largely attained in the face of great challenges,including the President's ill health at the time, and political tension culminating in the break-up of the NARC coalition.The introduction of free primary education, was a great milestone.

In late January 2003, it was announced that the President had been admitted to Nairobi Hospital to have a blood clot – the after-effect of his car accident – removed from his leg. He came out of hospital and addressed the public outside the hospital on TV in a visibly incoherent manner,and speculation since then is that he had suffered a stroke, his second, the first being said to have occurred sometimes in the 70s.^[19] His subsequent ill health greatly diminished his performance during his first term and the affairs of government during that time are said to have been largely run by a group of loyal aides, both in and out of government, most of whom were his Kikuyu and Meru buddies.^[19][20] Kibaki did not look good, for instance, when he appeared live on TV on 25 September 2003 to appoint Moody Awori Vice President after the death ^[21] in office of Vice President, Michael Wamalwa Kijana.

In November 2004, in an ABC Prime Time interview with Peter Jennings, former US President Bill Clinton identified Kibaki as the one living person he would most like to meet "because of the Kenyan government's decision to abolish school fees for primary education".^[22] Clinton added that, by providing free and compulsory primary education, what Kibaki had done would affect more lives than any president had done or would ever do by the end of the year. The free education programme saw nearly 1.7 million more pupils enroll in school by the end of that year. Clinton's wish was granted when he visited Kenya in the summer of 2005 and finally met president Kibaki on 22 July.

[edit] 2005-2007-Constitutional Referendum and the NARC Fallout

The 2005 Kenyan constitutional referendum was held on 21 November 2005.The main issue of contention in the Constitution review process was how much power should be vested in the Kenyan Presidency. In previous drafts, those who feared a concentration of power in the president added provisions for European-style power-sharing between a ceremonial President elected via universal suffrage and an executive Prime Minister elected by Parliament. The draft presented by the Attorney General Amos Wako for the referendum retained sweeping powers for the Presidency.^[23]

Though supported by Kibaki, some members of his own cabinet, mainly from the LDP wing led by Raila Odinga, and the main opposition party KANU, mobilised a powerful NO campaign that resulted in a majority of 58% Kenyan voters rejecting the draft.^[24]

As a consequence of,and immediately after, the referendum loss,on 23 November 2005,Kibaki dismissed his entire cabinet in the middle of his administration's term, the aim being to purge all Raila allied ministers from the cabinet.^[25] About his decision Kibaki said, “Following the results of the Referendum, it has become necessary for me, as the President of the Republic, to re-organise my Government to make it more cohesive and better able to serve the people of Kenya". The only members of the cabinet office to be spared a midterm exit were the Vice President and Minister of Home Affairs, Moody Awori, and the Attorney General whose position is constitutionally protected. A new Cabinet comprising of Kibaki loyalists, including MPs from the opposition, termed the Government of National Unity (GNU), was thereafter appointed, but some MPs who were offered ministerial positions declined to take up posts.^[26]

A recent report by a Kenyan Commission of Inquiry, the Waki Commission, contextualizes the issues and events on page 30 as follows:-

The attempt to reduce the personal power [of the Presidency] that had been accumulated by former President Moi initially was the reason opposition forces sought to introduce the post of Prime Minister. This culminated in an informal Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) before the 2002 election between the then opposition coalition under which the coalition agreed to introduce the post of Prime Minister after the election. Once elected, however, President Kibaki reneged on the MoU. Discussions continued concerning constitutional change and the devolution of power. The Kibaki Government then came up with a draft Constitution put forward by Attorney General, Amos Wako watering down some of the provisions in the draft agreed to during the “Bomas” discussions. The Wako draft was put to the public at a referendum in 2005, where voters rejected it. [...] As soon as the MoU was scuttled, a group led by Raila Odinga left the NARC coalition Government. President’s Kibaki Government was perceived as being unwilling to abide by its pre-election agreement with its partners and as retreating into an ethnic enclave. This was criticized by the public and was seen as an attempt by the so-called “Mount Kenya Mafia” to keep power to itself rather than share it. Even though the MoU was not a legal agreement, the Kibaki Government’s turning away from it and removing from government the group of Ministers associated to Odinga had the effect of increasing the polarization of politics along ethnic lines. Even though the 2005 referendum was peaceful and the results were accepted rather than contested, the parameters were nevertheless drawn. With the ethnic political fault lines clearly drawn after 2005, and the need to win the presidency seen as paramount, tensions began to mount. ^[27]

 2007 Elections

On 26 January 2007, President Kibaki declared his intention of running for re-election in the 2007 presidential election.^[28] On 16 September 2007, Kibaki announced that he would stand as the candidate of a new alliance incorporating all the parties who supported his re-election, called the Party of National Unity. The parties in his alliance included the much diminished former ruling KANU.^[29][30] DP, Narc-Kenya, Ford-Kenya, Ford People, and Shirikisho.^[30]

Kibaki's main opponent, Raila Odinga, had used the referendum victory to launch the ODM, which nominated him as its presidential Candidate for the 2007 elections.

On 30 September 2007, a robust and much healthier President Kibaki launched his presidential campaign at Nyayo Stadium, Nairobi.^[31]

Kalonzo Musyoka then broke away from Raila's ODM to mount his own fringe bid for the presidency,thus narrowing down the contest between the main candidates, Kibaki, the incumbent, and Odinga.^[32] Opinion polls up to election day showed Kibaki behind Raila Odinga nationally, but closing. On regional analysis, the polls showed him behind Raila in all regions of the country except Central Province, Embu and Meru,where he was projected to take most of the votes, and behind Kalonzo Musyoka in Kalonzo's native Ukambani.^[33][34] It was thus projected to be a close election between Kibaki and Raila.

After intense, expensive and vigorous campaigns, the election was held on 27 December 2007, and went on peacefully and orderly.

2007 Elections:Disputed Win

Three days later, after a protracted count which saw presidential results in Kibaki's Central Kenya come in last, allegedly inflated,in a cloud of suspicion and rising tensions, amid vehement protests by Raila's ODM,overnight re-tallying of results and chaotic scenes, all beamed live on TV, at the national tallying center at the Kenyatta International Conference Center in Nairobi ,riot police eventually sealed off the tallying Center ahead of the result announcement, evicted party agents, observers and the media,^[35] and moved the Chairman of the Electoral Commission, Samuel Kivuitu,to another room where Kivuitu went on to declare Kibaki the winner by 4,584,721 votes to Odinga's 4,352,993,^[36] placing Kibaki ahead of Odinga by about 232,000 votes in the hotly contested election with Kalonzo Musyoka a distant third.^[37]

One hour later, in a hastily convened dusk ceremony, Kibaki was furtively sworn in at the grounds of State House Nairobi for his second term, defiantly calling for the "verdict of the people" to be respected and for "healing and reconciliation" to begin.^[38][39][40]

Immediately the results were announced, Odinga bitterly accused Kibaki of electoral fraud.^[41] Odinga's allegations scored with his supporters, and seemed meritorious since the results had defied pre-election polls and expectations ^[42] and election day exit polls.^[43] Furthermore,Odinga, who had run an anti–Kikuyu campaign,^[44][45] had won the votes of most of the other Kenyan tribes and regions,^[46] with Kibaki's victory being attained only with the near exclusive support of the populous Kikuyu, Meru and Embu communities-who had turned up to vote for Kibaki in large numbers after feeling ,in reaction to the Odinga campaign, and with the covert encouragement of the Kibaki campaign, increasingly besieged and threatened by the pro-Odinga tribes. Moreover, ODM had won the most parliamentary and local authority seats by a wide margin.^[47] A joint statement by the British Foreign Office and Department for International Development cited "real concerns" over irregularities, while international observers refused to declare the election free and fair. The European Union chief observer, Alexander Graf Lambsdorff, cited one constituency where his monitors saw official results for Kibaki that were 25,000 votes lower than the figure subsequently announced by the Electoral Commission."Because of this and other observed irregularities, doubt remains as to the accuracy of the result of the presidential election as announced today," he said.^[48]

It was a low point in Kibaki's political career, during which he also showed a hitherto unknown harder side of him. The media captured the events and reactions at the time thus:"Previously regarded as a gentlemanly leader with a passion for golf, Kibaki has revealed a steely side.^[49] ...With a reputation as a mild-mannered, old-school gentleman,...^[50] Kibaki, 76, showed a steely core by swearing himself in within an hour of being pronounced victor in an election denounced as fraudulent by opposition challenger Raila Odinga and questioned by international and Kenyan observers.Odinga's supporters said he would be declared president at a rival ceremony on Monday, but police banned the event [and hundreds of riot police sealed off the proposed venue, Uhuru Park for several days]."This is the saddest day in the history of democracy in this country. It is a coup d'etat," said Koki Muli, head of respected local watchdog, the Institute of Education in Democracy.^[51] " In truth,the election was more of a draw, so close that the official inquiry of the election concluded it was impossible to conclusively establish who between Kibaki and Raila won.

• [When the election was eventually investigated by the Independent Review Commission (IREC) on the 2007 Elections chaired by Justice Johann Kriegler, it was found that there were too many electoral malpractices from several regions perpetrated by all the contesting parties to conclusively establish which candidate won the December 2007 Presidential elections. Such malpractices included widespread bribery, vote buying, intimidation and ballot-stuffing by both sides, as well as incompetence from the Electoral Commission of Kenya (ECK)(which was shortly thereafter disbanded by Parliament).^[52]]

Post 2007 Elections Violence

"It's not that we don't like Kikuyus -- it's because they think they have a right to rule this country forever, even if it means stealing votes.^[53] "

Opposition supporters saw the result as a plot by Kibaki's Kikuyu tribe, Kenya's largest, to keep power by any means.Feeling cheated and extremely bitter,^[54] and also fueled by other long standing perceived grievances,^[45][55] the tribes that lost the election could not contemplate five years without political power and anti-Kikuyu sentiment swelled.^[44][56] Thus began the 2007–2008 Kenyan crisis, as violence broke out in several places in the country, started by the ODM supporters protesting the "stealing" of their "victory", and subsequently escalating as the targeted Kikuyus retaliated.^[57][58][59] As unrest spread, television and radio stations were instructed to stop all live broadcasts.

There was a major breakdown of law an order in several cities and regions, and the situation threatened to escalate into a cataclysmic disintegration of the country as whole areas began to be ethnically cleansed amidst threats of regions seceding from the country and leaving central Kenya "an Island like Lesotho". There was also widespread theft,vandalism, looting and destruction of property, and a significant number of atrocities,killings^[60] and sexual violence were reported. A subsequent United Nations report stated that more than 1,200 Kenyans were reported killed, thousands more injured, over 300,000 people displaced and around 42,000 houses,farms and many businesses,looted or destroyed.^[61]

The violence continued for more than two months, as Kibaki ruled with "half" a cabinet he had appointed,^[62] with Odinga and ODM refusing to recognize him as president.^[63]

 National Accord and Grand Coalition Government

The Country was only saved by the mediation of former United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan with a Panel of “Eminent African Personalities” backed by the African Union, the United States and the United Kingdom.

Following the mediation, a deal, called the national accord, was signed in February 2008 between Raila Odinga and Kibaki,now referred to as the "two Principals". The accord, later passed by the Kenyan Parliament as the National Accord and Reconciliation Act 2008 provided inter alia for power-sharing, with Kibaki remaining President and Raila Odinga taking a newly re-created post of Prime Minister.

On April 17, 2008, Raila Odinga was sworn in as Prime Minister,along with a power-sharing Cabinet, with 42 ministers and 50 assistant ministers, Kenya's largest ever. The cabinet is fifty percent Kibaki appointed ministers and fifty percent Raila appointed ministers, and is in reality a carefully balanced ethnic coalition. The arrangement, which also includes Kalonzo Musyoka as Vice President, is known as the "Grand Coalition Government"

 From en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwai_Kibaki

L'importance de l'eau pour le corps humain

L'eau est indispensable pour le corps

L’eau est vitale pour l’être humain et constitue 70% de son poids. Notre organisme en a besoin pour digérer les aliments que nous mangeons. Plus vous consommez de calories et plus vous avez besoin d’eau pour vous aider à les éliminer. Seulement pour bien assimiler les aliments, notre organisme brasse entre 10 et 11 litres d’eau par jour et en moyenne, on en élimine 2.5 litres.
Presque tous les aliments qui existent contiennent de l’eau, cela nous donne environ la moitié de ce que nous avons besoin par jour, le reste se trouve dans ce que nous buvons.

Voici quelques conseils :

Vous devez boire souvent, mais de petites quantités. N’ayez pas peur, notre organisme peut gérer un litre d’eau par heure.

Il faut boire lentement et entre les repas. Buvez surtout au réveil et avant d’aller dormir. Il serait bien aussi que vous buviez 30 minutes avant un repas et une heure après.

Ne buvez pas des boissons trop froides ou trop chaudes. De plus, les boissons gazeuses peuvent provoquer des ballonnements, car elles gonflent l’estomac.

Même si l’alcool contient de l’eau, celle-ci déshydrate, alors il ne faut pas en boire avec excès.

Voici la teneur en eau de certains produits :
 

Bière	92%
Cidre	92%
Légumes verts	85  à  90%
Vin	88%
Lait	87%
Fruits frais	80  à  85%
Fromages frais	75  à  85%
Apéritifs	84%
Pommes de terre	79%
Banane	75%
Viandes et poissons	65  à  70%
Cognac, Whisky	60%
Fromage  à pâte molle	50%
Fromage  à  pâte dure	35%
Pain	34%
Fruits secs	20%
Beurre, margarine	16%
Œufs	14%
Biscottes	14%
Céréales, pâtes, farine	12%
Légumes secs	12%
Huiles	0%
Sucres	0%

www.poupoune.ca/alimentation/eau

Net > Milliardaires du Web Les dix hommes les plus riches du Web

Les dix hommes les plus riches du Web Comme chaque année, le magazine américain Forbes établit le classement des hommes et femmes les plus riches du monde. Parmi ces milliardaires, quelques-uns, managers ou actionnaires de sites e-commerce, de moteurs de recherche ou de réseaux sociaux,sont aussi devenus les hommes les plus riches du Web. Voici les dix plus importants.

10ème : Robin Li (Baidu)

Le chinois Robin Li est le fondateur et PDG du moteur de recherche Baidu.  surnommé le "Google chinois" Baidu est l'un des rares moteurs à travers le monde à tenir la dragée haute au leader américain.
Fin septembre, Baidu détenait 63,9 % du marché chinois contre 31,3 % pour Google, d'après le cabinet Analysis International. Cette réussite vaut à cet entrepreneur quadragénaire une fortune deux fois plus importante qu'en 2008, d'environ 3,5 milliards de dollars.

 Rang global : 258

Fortune : 3,5 milliards de dollars

Entreprise : Baidu 

9ème : Ma Huateng (Tencent)

 

Agé de 38 ans, Ma Huateng est le fondateur de Tencent, l'un des plus importants groupes de l'Internet chinois. Ma Huateng possède une fortune estimée à 3,6 milliards de dollars
Tecent est notamment l'éditeur de QQ, qui propose à la fois un portail généraliste et la messagerie instantannée la plus populaire de Chine, avec plus de 500 millions d'utilisateurs. Tencent possède aussi son propre moteur de recherche, Soso.com, sa place de marché CtoC Paipai.com, et son service de paiement en ligne Tenpay.

 Rang global : 249

Fortune : 3,6 milliards de dollars

Entreprise : Tencent 

8ème : Mark Zuckerberg (Facebook)

 

A seulement 25 ans, l'américain Mark Zuckerberg est le plus jeune milliardaire du monde, selon le classement de Forbes. Le fondateur du réseau social  Facebook, dont il reste le principal actionnaire avec une part à deux chiffres de son capital, dispose ainsi d'un magot personnel estimé à 4 milliards de dollars.
Le réseau social dispose d'une base de plus de 400 millions d'utilisateurs à travers le monde et serait valorisé aux alentours de 15 milliards de dollars.

 Rang global : 212

Fortune : 4 milliards de dollars

Entreprise : Facebook 

7ème : Hiroshi Mikitani (Rakuten)

Hiroshi Mikitani est le fondateur et PDG de Rakuten, le premier e-commerçant du Japon, dont il détient 20 % du capital. Ce diplômé de Harvard, âgé de 45 ans est aujourd'hui assis sur une fortune estimée par Forbes à 4,8 milliards de dollars.
Lancé en 1997, le groupe Rakuten rassemble aujourd'hui des activités de portail Internet (il gère Infoseek au Japon), de publicité et de marketing. Mais Rakuten doit essentiellement son succès à sa galerie marchande, Rakuten Ichiba, qui regroupe plus de 30 000 vendeurs.

 Rang global : 167

Fortune : 4,8 milliards de dollars

Entreprise : Rakuten 

6ème : Pierre Omidyar (eBay)

 

Avec une fortune estimée à 5,2 milliards de dollars, le fondateur d'eBay, Pierre Omidyar est le seul Français du classement des plus grosses fortunes de l'Internet. Administrateur du groupe depuis 1998, Pierre Omidyar reste le premier actionnaire du site d'enchères, dont il détient environ 12 % du capital.
En 2009, Pierre Omidyar a notamment gagné 1,6 milliard de dollars grâce à la seule progression de l'action eBay au cours de l'année 2009 (+115 %).

 Rang global : 148

Fortune : 5,2 milliards de dollars

Entreprise : eBay 

5ème : Steve Jobs (Apple)

 

Steve jobs est le cofondateur d'Apple avec Steve Wozniak. Doté d'une fortune personnelle estimée à plus de 5,5 milliards de dollars, il a demandé de ne toucher qu'un dollar de salaire annuel, et de ne pas recevoir de bonus. Pas philanthrope pour autant, le P-DG d'Apple se paye en stock options.
En 2007, il a par exemple touché 120 000 actions, valorisées 23,9 millions de dollars. Steve Jobs dispose aussi de 5,5 millions d'actions d'Apple, donnant droit à des dividendes annuels. 

Rang global : 136

Fortune : 5,5 milliards de dollars

Entreprise : Apple 

4ème : Eric Schmidt (Google)

Ingénieur diplômé de Berkeley en 1982, Eric Schmidt a occupé pendant vingt ans des fonctions de directions dans des grandes entreprises, comme chez Sun puis Novell. 
Depuis 2001, il est le PDG de Google, dont les résultats le placent à la tête d'une fortune de 6,3 milliards de dollars.  
Par ailleurs, il est membre du Council of Advisors on Science and Technology du président Obama, et s'est retiré du conseil d'administration d'Apple an août 2009 à cause de conflits d'intérêts potentiels.

Rang global : 117

Fortune : 6,3 milliards de dollars

Entreprise : Google 

3ème : Jeff Bezos (Amazon)

Jeff Bezos est le fondateur d'Amazon, qu'il a créé en 1994. Détenteur de la plus grande librairie virtuelle du monde, son site ne fut toutefois rentable qu'à partir de 2001.
Aujourd'hui, il essaie de faire de son lecteur de livres électroniques, le Kindle, un standard mondial.
Sa fortune est en hausse de 5,5 milliards d'euros par rapport à 2008, grâce au rebond du cours de bourse d'Amazon, qui a gagné 100 % en un an.

 Rang global : 43

Fortune : 12,3 milliards de dollars

Entreprise : Amazon 

1er ex aequo : Larry Page (Google)

Titulaire d'un master en informatique à l'Université de Stanford, Larry Page est, avec Sergey Brin, le co-fondateur de Google. Né en 1973, il est notamment  à l'origine du concept de PageRank. Ce procédé qui définit le classement des résultats de Google en fonction de la popularité des sites.
Il profite des hausses de 7 % du cours des actions de Google en 2009 pour afficher une fortune de 17,5 milliards de dollars. Larry Page a notamment obtenu le titre de "Leader international de l'économie du futur" en 2002.

Rang global : 24

Fortune : 17,5 milliards de dollars

Entreprise : Google 

1er ex aequo : Sergey Brin (Google)

parents aux Etats-Unis en 1974, à l'âge de six ans. Elève brillant, il parvient à intégrer la prestigieuse Université de Standford. Il y rencontre Larry Page. C'est ensemble qu'ils conçoivent un embryon de moteur de recherche qui deviendra Google. 
Sa fortune, estimée à 17,5 milliards de dollars est en hausse de 5,5 milliards de dollars en un an, suite aux bons résultats du groupe. Il est, avec Larry Page le plus important milliardaire qu'ait engendré Internet.

Rang global : 24

Fortune : 17,5 milliards de dollars

Entreprise : Google

 

Umuhanzi Mugabo Jackie ngo yiteguye gushimisha abamureba kuri uyu wa gatandatu muri Serena Hotel

Umuhanzikazi w’Umunyarwandakazi Mugabo Jackie ari mu Rwanda mu rwego rwo gushaka inkunga yo gufasha Projet Bye Bye Nyakatsi. Mu kiganiro Jackie yagiranye na Igihe.com,yatangajeko yiteguye gutaramira abanyarwanda bakanezerwa,ndetse akaba anizeye ko igikorwa barimo gushakira inkunga kizagenda neza nk’uko abyifuza.

Jackie Mugabo ni Umuhanzikazi w’Umunyarwandakazi, yavukiye mu gihugu cya Uganda, afite ababyeyi be bose b’Abanyarwanda. Afite imyaka 36, akaba yubatse afite umagabo ndetse n’abana babiri. Aririmba indirimbo zo guhimbaza Imana, akaririmba mu ijwi ry’umwimerere. Ni ku nshuro ya mbere uyu muhanzikazi aza gukorera ibitaramo mu Rwanda, ariko akaba yaragiye akorera ibitaramo mu bihugu bitandukanye nka Denmark, Canada, Uganda ndetse n’u Bubiligi.



Umuhanzi Mugabo Jackie

Mu gitaramo ateganya gukora kuri Hotel Serena kuri uyu wa Gatandatu tariki 28/08/2010,guhera saa kumi n’imwe azaba ari kumwe n’abandi bahanzi bamenyerewe mu Rwanda barimo Tonzi, Aime Uwimana, Aline Gahongayire, Patrick Nyamitari, Liliane Kabahganza, Barnabas ndetse n’abandi benshi batandukanye.



Mbabazi ( manager wa Mugabo Jackie), umuhanzi Barnabas na Mugabo Jackie

Twababwira ko mu rwego rwo gufasha abaturage batuye Akarere ka Bugesera kwikura muri Nyakatsi, Diaspora ifatanije na Minisiteri y’Ububanyi n'amahanga bategura ibikorwa byo gukusanya inkunga y’icyo gikorwa, akaba ari muri urwo rwego batumiye umuhanzi Jackie Mugabo.






Iyi nkuru tuyikesha igihe.com

Yajugunye injangwe muri poubelle none barashaka kumwica

Amakuru dukesha Igihe.com yo kuri 26/08/2010 niyo dukesha iyi nkuru.
Mu gitondo cyo kuri uyu wa Gatatu tariki ya 25 Kanama 2010, umwongerezakazi witwa Mary Bale, ufite imyaka 45, utuye mu mujyi wa Coventry mu Bwongereza, yasohotse iwe yigendera, ageze ku muhanda, hafi ya poubelle (icyo bashyiramo imyanda) abona injangwe ije imwegera, nuko arayifata ayijugunyamo, maze arikomereza.

Uwo mugore ntiyari azi ko ariho afotorwa na camera zo ku muhanda, ndetse na camera yo ku rugo rwa nyir’iyo njangwe.

Guhera uwo munsi, Mary Bale yabaye umwanzi w’Abongereza hafi ya bose. Kuri internet benshi bati : « Akwiye gupfa ». Abandi bati nafungwe burundu.

Bamubajije impamvu yataye iyo njangwe muri poubelle, umugore yagize ati : « Ntacyo bitwaye ni inyamaswa, kandi nari nzi ko iri bwivane muri iyo poubelle".

Yongeyeho ati : "ntangajwe n’ukuntu abantu bose banyanze nk’aho ari umuntu nishe. Nkurikije uburyo mukunda inyamaswa zabo, ubanza koko aho kujugunya injangwe yanyu, mwahitamo ko hapfa umuntu.»

Iyo njangwe Lola rero, yaje kunanirwa kwikura muri poubelle, maze imaramo amasaha 15 (cumi n’atanu), kugeza ubwo ba nyirayo barebye ibyo camera zabo zafashe, babona icyo gikorwa. Bakimara kureba iyo videwo y’ibyabaye, Bwana Daryl, na Madamu Stephany Mann, bahise bayishyira kuri internet, none yaciye ibintu.

Polisi y’u Bwongereza, yo yavuze ko uwo mugore ababariwe, ngo kuko nta cyaha gikomeye yakoze. Nyamara ishyirahamwe ry’abarengera inyamaswa mu Bwongereza, ryo ryatangiye gukora ubushakashatsi budasanzwe kuri uwo mugore, ngo rirebe niba nta bugome budasanzwe yari afitiye Lola, cyangwa inyamaswa muri rusange.


Nguwo nyamugore aterura injangwe mbere yo kuyita muri poubelle iri hafi ye

GUKUNDA UMURIMO

Nkuko bisanze mu nshingano za kaminuza nkuru y' u Rwanda mukugeza serivise nziza ku bantu,ni muri urwo rwego abanyeshuri bo mu mwaka wa kabiri w'itangazamakuru n'itumanaho bakoze igikorwa cyo gufasha abant batishoboye.Icyo gihe hafashijwe ababyeyi bagera kri babiri.Mu gihe bakoraga umurimo wo gukata icyondo no kubumba amatafari wabonaga abanyeshuri bose bishimiye icyo gikorwa.Nyuma yo kurangiza icyari kigenderewe abanyeshuri basabanye n'abo babyei barishimana ,nkuko byavuzwe n'uhagarariye abanyeshuri yavuzeko nihaboneka undi mwanya bazongera kuza gufasha abo babyeyi.Twabibutsa ko buri shuri cyangwa ishami ryo muri kaminuza nkuru y'u Rwanda rigira igihe cyo kujya gusura no gufasha abantu batishoboye.